Comparative Analysis of Million dollar Baby and A Small, Good Thing Essay

Comparative Analysis of Million dollar Baby and A Small, Good Thing - Essay Example X. Toole's "Million $$$ Baby" and the connection of the Weisses and the baker in Raymond Carver's "A Small, Good Thing." The characters of Frankie Dunn and the baker both find themselves making a moral choice. For Frankie, he must choose whether to act upon Maggie's request for euthanasia. Maggie first won his respect by through her own dedication to boxing, the sport that he loves; through the rise and collapse of her career, Frankie has come to view her like a daughter. Frankie's initial hesitation in training Maggie hinged around his dislike of seeing a woman get hurt, and it is this chivalrous instinct that gnaws at him when Maggie becomes quadriplegic and suicidal. The baker also has a moral foundation for his actions: he comments working that 2/3 of his day is spent working in the bakery. He has every right to expect payment for his work but perhaps not the right to seek restitution in the manner that he does. When the baker is informed of the child's death, he is appropriately chagrinned to have made the harassing phone calls. With what little humanity he is able to salvage, the baker offers th e Weiss couple food, observing that "Eating is a small, good thing in a time like this." (Carver 88). By this he acknowledges that some things in life cannot be changed, but can only be endured. Food will comfort and sustain the body, giving it the strength to continue. Frankie's choice bears a greater price: as a reformed Catholic, he understands that he damns his soul through assisting Maggie with suicide. His love for her overrides the sacrifice of his soul - and hers as well - to help her escape the suffering. Maggie's relationship with Frankie develops from that of mentor and trainer to father figure. With the loss of her father at the age of 12, Maggie has floated without direction for most of her life until discovering boxing and, through it, Frankie Dunn. In comparison to her sycophantic relatives, Frankie is the only person who genuinely cares for Maggie. When Maggie attempts suicide by biting off her tongue, Frank realizes the extent of her anguish. She has explained to him the story of her father putting the dog out of its misery; when she lies there as tongue-less as her father became, the parallel is complete. He has taught her how to balance, how to move, even how to breathe and now she needs him to allow her to die. Frank understands her need, and, just as he was the only one who could help her to realize her dreams, he is the only one she can ask to end her pain. The roles are essentially reversed with the Weiss couple and their son. They are unable to communicate with him and can only pray for his recovery. The harassing phone calls from the baker prove to be a blessing in disguise, for it is the only distraction they have from ruminating about the status of the Scotty. When the child dies, the recognition and confrontation at the bakery proves to actually be a cathartic experience for the parents. Ann Weiss explaining how she wanted the baker dead is intriguing, both for its implication of transference, but especially because of the past tense used. Through illuminating the baker of Scotty's demise, the parents are able to release some small amount of their own pain. They are even able to empathize as the baker bares his soul by describing his own loneliness due to lack of children. While

Tourism in Antarctica Essay Example for Free

Tourism in Antarctica Essay Oil spills, although reasonably infrequent, are major threats to nearby wildlife. Increased tourism is also bringing about the invasion of alien species and spores into Antarctica, and although species such as the Mediterranean mussel will not be able to thrive on the ice shelf due to the temperatures, they can prove to be a threat to the marine wildlife when growing on ship hulls. Most tourists to Antarctica have flown to southern areas such as Punta Arenas in Chile or New Zealand. The pollution created by these long-distance flights is considerable and contributes to global warming. In addition to this, as global warming melts away floating ice sheets on the water, there will be space for larger ships to arrive, resulting in more tourists, and an increase in the issues aforementioned. Furthermore, there are the issues which are prevalent in all tourist destinations, such as litter, sewage, and overcrowding. What is being done to minimise the impact of tourism? All 100+ tour operators in Antarctica are members of IAATO (International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators), which urges tour operators to be environmentally-friendly, and to urge their clients to also do so. Tourism is very much legal and acceptable in Antarctica, and it is only the scale of this which needs to be controlled. SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest), such as Bird Island on South Georgia are laid out beforehand, and tourists are not allowed to visit these, in order to preserve wildlife and certain habitats. In order to partake in any activities on the island, a permit is required, so that this can be regulated. Ships landing in Antarctica cannot be carrying more than 500 people, with only 100 being allowed to disembark at once and ships carrying heavy fuel oil (normally large passenger ships) are not allowed to enter Antarctic waters. The number of cruise vessels at any one site in the Antarctic has been limited to 40, and only one ship is allowed to land at each site at once. In addition to this, no waste or litter is to be left at the tourist sites, tourists are not allowed to walk on the lichens or moss and no tourist is allowed to go within 5 metres of an animal. All tour guides are officially trained and are experienced scientific personnel who have been involved in research in Antarctica. Waste disposal is tightly regulated, with prohibitions of the dumping of waste anywhere in the Antarctic continent, with ships now having purpose-built waste containment facilities. This shows how sustainable tourism in Antarctica is a high priority, and how there are many measures taken to minimise the negative impacts of tourism. Although these measures are effective now, it is unknown whether they will stay in place in the future, and if Antarctica will retain its title as the ‘World’s last true wilderness’ for much longer.

Comparing Language and Identity in Pygmalion and Educating Rita :: comparison compare contrast essays

Pygmalion and Educating Rita:   Language and Identity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay is based on the reading of two literary plays, George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion and Willy Russell’s Educating Rita. Language and identity are two expressions that need to be explained. English is the official language in several countries; Chinese is the language spoken by Chinese people and Danish is how Danes speak. But languages could also be described as different ways of talking due to social background, education, profession, age and sex. A person’s language is connected to his social situation. Eliza, the cockney flower girl from the gutter does not speak the same language as professor Higgins, even if English is their common mother tongue. They speak differently because they belong to different social worlds. Identity can signify the very special characteristic of a person, something that makes him differ from others. EDUCATION AND IDENTITY CHANGES Eliza and Rita, the principal characters of the two plays are both objects of identity change in the course of the stories. Are these changes identical or can we find differences? The two young women originally come from intellectually poor circles. Eliza is a young flower girl who speaks a gutter language. She talks in the following way: "Aint no call to meddle with me, he aint." (1) Her manners are crude, and her cockney accent leaves her feeling as if she is a second-class citizen. She is treated that way. Still, she seems to be proud of herself, "I’m a good girl, I am." (2) Rita is a twenty-six-year-old, brash, earthy hairdresser, married to a Liverpudlian beerdrinker who demands her to have children and to be a good wife. She feels unsatisfied with her marriage. At the hairdressing salon where she works, she gets tired of the daily listening to women who talk a lot without saying any important. "They never tell y’things that matter." (3) The story of the two plays tells how the education of the women changes their lives. There are remarkable progresses in their studies and the result is an obvious change of their lives. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGES I would guess that many readers and spectators of the two plays regard them as about the same story. As a matter of fact, they are not. There is at least one important difference. The changes are not the same. One of them is external while the other is internal.

Exemplary Leadership

Abstract In order to be a successful leader, one must have specific virtues to qualify them as effective. This analysis examines how a leader utilizes organizational power, the magnitude to which the leader is constrained by contingency factors, how the leader deals with ethical issues, and the leader’s decision-making style and influence tactics in addition to other characteristics.The leader detailed in this analysis is proven to be effective based on certain qualities and the methods he employ to successfully reach the organization’s goal, and motivate the employees to efficiently meet their subdivision and complete organizational goals. Upon completion of this analysis, it is recommended that a study is done to assess if factors such as age, sex, heritage, etc. contribute to the type of leader one becomes. Introduction Leaders are an essential part of every organization. The quality of leaders determines the success of the organization.There are exemplary leaders, a nd there are leaders that can learn a thing or two. What is a leader? Colquitt, Lepine, and Wesson (2011) define leadership as the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement (p. 451). This analysis will chronicle an exemplary leader that many other leaders can learn from. The analysis will assess the leaders use of sources of organizational power, how the leader is constrained by contingency factors, how the leader makes decisions, his influence tactics, and how ethical issues are dealt with.Context My boss at the job that I currently hold is a prototypical leader and the example chosen for this analysis. While studying Management at Howard University, one subject that was constantly visited is what makes a proficient leader. I always wondered where all of my bosses learned their horrible leadership skills from until I crossed paths with my present boss. His kindheartedness, importable nature, and accommodating temperament raises the bar for leaders everywhere.The way he interacts with his staff makes them happy to work dexterously to meet organizations goals above what is expected. These are the behaviors that Colquitt et al states an effective leader achieves. Discussion and Analysis The Use of Organizational Power Power is the aptitude to guide the performance of other individuals and limit unwanted influence in return (Colquitt et al. , 2011). The authors stated that even if one posses the power to influence, it does not guarantee they can effectively influence.Power is made up of five facets – legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent. My supervisor has the power to request that I perform tasks within the scope of his authority – legitimate, the power to extend specific resources I need and rewards I want – reward, the power to control consequences for adverse behaviors – coercive, the expertise that I depend on to get my job done and to grow within the organization  œ expert, and finally he is an individual that I’d like to be associated with in the organization – referent.He has all five facets of power as described by Colquitt et al. My supervisor exercises his rights to power in order to help the organization reach its overall goals and not to be seen as a coercive leader. He exercises legitimate power for reasonable requests such as asking me to come in earlier than my scheduled time to attend an important meeting that could only be scheduled at that time. Notice that he makes reasonable requests, meaning that he gives the option to decline if I cannot make reasonable accommodations.He exercises reward power by periodically making mention of how he intends to go about upcoming performance appraisals. This is actually a strategic method as he utilizes his reward power to remind me of what he can do, which in turn heightens the effectiveness of legitimate power as I am more prone to be submissive to his requests in order to rece ive greater rewards. My supervisor has been in the marketing field – the basis of our department – for over fifteen years, which makes him somewhat of an expert, giving him expert power.My supervisor is not a fan of coercive power, as he does not feel the need to intimidate because he effectively gets his employees to do what they need to do. He encourages his employees to obtain the results he desires. Overall, my supervisor has a great deal of power. He strategically applies his powers in order to achieve what is most important – the organizational goal. As mentioned earlier, he uses his reward and legitimate power concurrently, which is beneficial for him and his staff.His expert power has strength in that I try to use it to my advantage to acquire new talents to help me grow in this organization and any future organizations. He is well respected because of his choice to not use coercive power. Contingency Factors There are four contingencies of power, which Colquitt et al tells us are substitutability, centrality, discretion, and visibility. My supervisor is insignificantly constrained by substitutability, which is the extent to which people have alternatives in accessing resources. My organization strongly attempts to adhere to budgets previously set for the year. o stick to budgets and discretion is the degree to which managers have the right to make decisions on their own (p. 455). Centrality represents how important a person’s job is and how many people depend on that person to complete their task, and visibility is how aware people are of a leader’s powers and position. . He does not have sole control of rewards and resources. As a non-profit, my organization relies heavily on budgets and each higher manager must adhere to their budgets that must be agreed upon by the chief financial officer and president.So even with his reward power, there are limitations. His centrality contingency is not a restraint. He has a ver y important role in the organization as we rely on him significantly to bring money into the organization. I personally depend on him for the completion of many of my assignments, as he must approve many of my tasks before it is executed fully. The discretion contingency may serve as a restraint for my supervisor; while he is Vice President of Marketing, the CFO or president must approve many of his big decisions.They can then revise or rebut his decision if they feel it is necessary. The visibility contingency is not necessarily a constraint or helper to my boss. The resources he can provide are not necessarily organizational record but his title makes it known that he is above most employees and under just the CFO and president; this makes it so he still has relatively high influence. Influence Tactics Colquitt et al (2011) defines influence as the use of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal changes in others (p. 56) or as Ceasar and Grant (2004) define as Infl uence tactics are specific types of proactive behavior used to exercise influence. The influence tactics that my boss uses are exchange, consultation, collaboration, and ingratiation. One of my supervisor’s favorite influence tactics is the exchange tactic, which is when an individual extends a reward or resource to the target with the intent for them to perform a request (p). This tactic is most common when my supervisor has projects with outsourced associates.If we are compensating someone for their expertise and we need them to start working prior to receiving payment, he will construct and send an email stating â€Å"your payment is on its way, in the meantime please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Usually, when I am asked to complete an assignment, I am also asked how we should implement it and at that point he approves or change it somewhat. This is the consultation tactic, which is when the target – me – is allowed to participate in deciding how to carry out or implement a request (p. 457). He uses the collaboration tactic, which involves making the request easier to complete.He generally provides me with the necessary resources I need to complete the task as well making it simpler so that it is done efficiently and effectively on the first try. Ingratiation is his favorite tactic to use. Ingratiation is the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer (p. 457). He never fails to tell me how awesome I am, or on occasions he would tell me that he does not need to review my work because he trusts me, or explain that he gave me a task because he knew I was smart enough to handle it.Influence tactics are the medium through which managers convert power into behaviors; when managers need others to perform tasks or participate in activities, influence tactics serve as a means of facilitating individual cooperation (Ceasar & Grant, 2004). The tactics that he uses are effective and he uses them appropri ately as well. He also uses personal appeals because in his line of work, he deals with a lot of outside clients.It is beneficial for him to build relationships with people in other industries so that they are readily available to help us when we need them. All in all, the tactics my boss uses results in internalization, which involves getting the target to agree with and become committed to a request (p. 459). Ethical Issues My boss works extremely well under intense conditions and with conflicts. Just recently, we joined with a major corporation for a campaign and sought help from a board certified doctor so that the information we offered would be further validated.Prior to execution of the assignment by the doctor, he let us know that he was not satisfied with the pay and proceeded to tell the major corporation false accounts of what we told him were part of the agreement. My boss could have outright denied his claims in the same rude manner that the doctor was exemplifying. Ins tead, he apologized to the doctor for the misunderstanding and attributed his false account to miscommunication. He then asked the doctor what his normal fee was for the task he performed, and he accommodated him accordingly.He then concluded he would never use the doctor again. In this example of an ethical issue, the fault is not of my organization or my boss but that of the doctor. However, my boss handled the situation in an ethical manner when he could have very well become as unethical as the doctor. I personally respected him for his handling of the situation, as I know my initial instinct would have been to react a lot differently. Decision-Making Styles Colquitt et al talks about four decision-making styles: delegative, facilitative, consultative, and autocratic.With delegative style, a leader gives an individual employee or a group of employees the responsibility for making the decision within some set of specified boundary conditions and with facilitative style, the leade r presents the problem to a group of employees and seeks consensus on a solution, making sure his or her own opinion receives no more weight than others (p. 488). With a consultative style, the leader present the problem to an individual employees or a group, asking for their opinions and suggestions before making a decision him- or her- self and with autocratic style, the leader makes the decision alone (p. 57). My boss uses three of the four decision-making styles as he sees appropriate. For example, he would use the delegative style in a situation where he gives the staff a project. He will provide the specified conditions and then allow us to determine the way we carry out the assignment. He would use the consultative style in a situation where he may want different viewpoints about a decision he has to make to see if he explored all relevant avenues before ultimately making the decision based on his own views.He uses the autocratic style when the decision does not directly affe ct the team and he needs no further input. Transformational Vs. Transactional Leadership According to Colquitt et al (2011), transformational leadership involves inspiring followers to commit to a shared vision that provides meaning to their work while also serving as a role model who helps followers develop their own potential and view problems from new perspectives (p. 496). Transactional leadership occurs when the leader rewards or disciplines the follower depending on the adequacy of the follower’s performance (p. 98). Grant (2012) defines transformational leadership as a central purpose to articulate a vision that focuses employees’ attention on their contributions to others. He states that this form of leadership motivate employees to perform more effectively. My boss is a transformational leader. Not only is he great at inspiring his staff to commit to a shared vision, he makes sure that their work is worth their while. He continually asks if our work is suffici ent and challenging enough because he does not want us to become bored.In addition, he gives us tasks that may go beyond our duties just to develop us into more valuable professionals. He gives us leeway to execute our tasks in a manner that is most comfortable to us while giving his input when we ask or when he sees it is necessary. He does not micro-manage and puts more focus on making us better employees so we can help him with our current skills while learning new skills to be more of a help in the future. Neutralizers Vs. Substitutes Neutralizers, as Colquitt et al (2011) explains, reduce the importance of the leader but have no beneficial impact on performance (p. 05). Substitutes reduce the importance of the leader while providing a direct benefit to employee performance. My supervisor’s effectiveness is rarely affected by substitutes. Because our organization is small, outside staff is less likely able to help us because each department has its specialty. Staff could gain experience that will lessen the extent to which they need the manager’s help but could never alleviate it completely because he is the provider of the tasks. Neutralizers are also minimal. There is task stability, formalization, and spatial distance, but inflexibility is not a factor.For the most part there are tasks that are unchanging and daily and there are written instructions for many of the tasks. Also, all leaders have offices and therefore there is spatial distance. Impact My supervisor has a major impact on performance and commitment in a positive way. His personality and leadership techniques make it so he is a pleasant person to work for. He governs over his employees just enough to make sure the work is done while giving enough space for them to be creative and comfortable. His behaviors definitely influence commitment because it is rare to find a boss of this caliber.Conclusions and Reflections I have always viewed my boss as a great boss. I never had the op portunity to think of why he was such a great boss. This assignment allowed me to do just that. And from my research, I found that my boss has virtually everything that makes a boss a great one from his personality to leadership skills. I have always had the attitude that I want to work for myself because most bosses were not very nice people. While I still desire to work for myself, I would not mind working with a boss like mine and now know that all bosses are not horrible people.I desire to be the exact type of boss that my boss is because his methods are effective. After taking the initiation and consideration assessment, I found that my score for initiating was considered low and the score for consideration was considered high. That coincides with the way I think I would lead. I would care about more about input from group members and their comfort than being more autocratic as a high initiative score would indicate. I would be interested in further researching if certain chara cteristics attribute to the sort of boss a person becomes such as gender, race, age, etc.References Colquitt, J. , Lepine, J. , Wesson. M. (2011). Organizational Behavior: Improving Performance and commitment in the workplace. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Gardner, W. L. , & Ceasar, D. (2004). Transition to Self-Directed Work Teams: Implications of transition time and self-monitoring for managers' use of influence tactics. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 47-65. Grant, A. M. (2012). Leading with Meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy Of Management Journal, 55(2), 458-476.

Theories of Social Inequality

Karl Marx's theory to explain social inequality is based on the unequal division of resources between two groups: bourgeoisie and the proletariat, or the wealthy/ business owners and the laborers. According to Marx, the bourgeoisie have the monetary power to gain economical resources, as they own the businesses where the proletariat must work to gain money to survive. The bourgeoisie maintains this position by paying the proletariat Just enough to provide for his or her basic needs of survival. Marx states that the bourgeoisie create the social rules, cultural values and orms, and the proletariat goes along with it.This idea is the basis for what Marx calls, â€Å"false consciousness,† which is the idea that the† system† is working and there is no reason to change it because the proletariat hopes that one day he will become the bourgeoisie; this false hope is what keeps social inequality in a perpetual cycle. Marx believed that social inequality can be resolved thr ough the abolishment of capitalism altogether. He suggested that this could be made possible if the proletariat would stand up and revolt, and rise up against capitalism by refusing to ork and sell their very valuable labor, which the bourgeoisie needs in order to survive.Marx did not see social inequality as inevitable, unlike Max Weber. The basis for Weber's theory can be found in Karl Marx's theory, but takes it a step further and breaks the social structure up even more. According to Max Weber's theory behind social inequality, there are three major components that play into creating an unequal division in society: social class, status in society, and political parties. Each group directly relates to one another, although they are not all the same thing. Weber contends that social classes are divided because of certain lifestyles or opportunities that are given toa person.If a person is born into a wealthy family, he or she is automatically provided with a lifestyle that will pr opel him or her into success through money and/or properties, which inevitably creates an opportunity for power. This demonstrates how money and power clearly shapes classes. Classes do not always make up communities though. Communities are shaped by social status, which is one thing that Weber is clear about. Social status is defined by the pportunity for a wealthy lifestyle. The main difference between status and class is that of the value system within each of the groups.Through a lifestyle that one lives, ideals and values are developed, which creates one's political stance. Political parties are a direct reflection of the pattern that creates class and social status. They are all intermingled: class determines social status, which shapes ideals within a political party. Weber makes a strong argument that social stratification is inevitable or â€Å"guaranteed† because lifestyles (which you are born into) create status groups and nce those are established, over a period o f time, the people accept them as status quo.Once a standard of life is set, it is rarely moved. Karl Marx' theory behind social inequality is most compelling. It explains that social inequality, which is detrimental to so many, can be resolved. His theory gives hope for resolution and even offers a plan of action to do so, yet there have been little done by those who feel like they are oppressed by the unjust division ot resources to rise up and change the system which oppresses them. Marx' theory is timeless and continues to speak to those issues which are seen in todays society.

Computer Operator essays

Computer Operator essays Computers and technology play major part in todays world. Almost all businesses use computers to communicate, through e-mail or online conferences. All of this technology needs someone to keep them operational. Computer Operators work behind the scenes keeping the computers functional and repairing any errors that arise. They have many responsibilities, work many long hours, and are paid fairly well for the environment in which they work. The jobs of the computer Operator depend on the size of the business for which he or she works. A computer Operator is responsible for monitoring and controlling computer systems, particularly mainframe computer systems in a company or organization. The responsibilities also include troubleshooting software and hardware problems and monitoring programs that require no user interaction, or batch processing. They work hard in maintaining all system and application documentation, maintaining and improving system performance and online availability, and assisting personnel with computer problems. The employer of the Operator may incorporate other responsibilities that may include system backups, maintaining equipment, and providing customer support. Computer Operators work in an environment that is comfortable, where the temperature humidity and dust are controlled to keep machines in operating condition. The noise level is usually low with the exception of the humming from the disk drives and noise from high-speed printers. Much of an Operators time is on his feet as he sets up, operates, monitors, and controls equipment. Workers frequently experience pressure to meet deadlines (Computer Operator). There are many instances where the computer simply runs independently. Unfortunately, because Operators spend much time in front of a computer monitor, they are susceptible to eye strain and other related problems. In addition, performing repetitive tasks such as loading and un ...

Commonly Confused Words Diagnosis and Prognosis

Commonly Confused Words Diagnosis and Prognosis The words  diagnosis and prognosis are commonly (though not exclusively) used in the medical field. Both terms contain the root word gnosis, which means knowledge. But  diagnosis and prognosis refer to different kinds of knowledge or information. Definitions The noun diagnosis refers to the process of analyzing information to understand or explain something. The plural of diagnosis is diagnoses. The adjective form is diagnostic. The noun prognosis means a forecast or predictiona judgment about what is likely to occur in the future. The plural of prognosis is prognoses. In the medical field, diagnosis relates to identifying and understanding the nature of a disease or disorder, while a prognosis  is a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease or disorder. Examples Medical researchers are examining strategies for the early diagnosis of Alzheimers disease.A simple 15-minute brain scan could help doctors diagnose people* with  autism  by identifying structural differences in their brains. Scientists say the scans would speed up what is currently a long and emotional diagnostic procedure and allow the identification of at-risk children more rapidly.​(Alok Jha, Autism Can Be Diagnosed With Brain ScanStudy. The Guardian [UK], August 10, 2010)* See usage notes below.  The prognosis for continued and sustainable improvements in human well-being on a transformed planet Earth is, at best, guarded.​(W.C. Clark et al., Science for Global Sustainability.  Earth System Analysis for Sustainability, ed. by Hans-Joachim Schellnhuber et al. MIT Press, 2004)Our task was to  learn all that was known  about the natural history of disease so that we could make an accurate diagnosis and a reasonably probabilistic prognosis.  That done, ou r function as doctors  would be to enlist the best possible nursing care, explain matters to the patient and family, and stand by.​(Lewis Thomas, The Fragile Species. Touchstone, 1996) Usage Notes The distinguishing  difference between diagnosis and prognosis  is that prognosis implies the prediction of a future state. Thus, to accomplish prognosis requires both diagnostic and predictive tools, the former to sense the current state of damage and the latter to predict the future state based on projected usage and applicable life-prediction routines.​(Materials Damage Prognosis, ed. by James M. Larsen et al., 2005)  The disease, not the patient, is diagnosed. Do not write She was diagnosed with cancer. But also avoid stilted constructions like this: She was given a diagnosis of cancer. Consider simpler alternatives: She learned she had cancer. Tests showed she had cancer. Her doctor told her she had cancer.(Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, 5th ed. Three Rivers Press, 2015)Lurie 1927 disapproves of using the verb diagnose with a person as its object, even though there is often no other way of avoiding a stilted se ntence. . . . [W]e believe that it is more frequently found in speech than in writing. However, the usefulness of this sense of diagnose is manifest, and its use in writing may well increase.(Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, 1994) Practice (a) When the ships engine wouldnt start, the chief engineer offered a _____ of the problem.(b) The gloomy _____ for jobs and incomes in the coming year sent stock prices falling. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) When the ships engine wouldnt start, the chief engineer offered a  diagnosis  of the problem.(b) The gloomy  prognosis  for jobs and incomes in the coming year sent stock prices falling.

Endormir French Verb Conjugations to Know

Endormir French Verb Conjugations to Know The action of falling asleep or going to bed can be described with the French verb  endormir. Literally to put to sleep or to send to sleep,  endormir  is a form of  dormir  (to sleep). In order to say this in the past, present, or future tense, a verb conjugation is required. This one is a bit of a challenge, but if you study it along with  dormir, it will be just a little easier. Conjugating the French Verb  Endormir Endormir  is an  irregular verb, so it doesnt follow any of the most common verb conjugation patterns found in French. However, it is not entirely alone because most French verbs ending in  -mir,  -tir, or  -vir  are conjugated with the same endings. That said, the conjugations of  endormir  are not terribly difficult or abnormal. First, we must identify the verb stem, which is  endor-. Then we can begin to add the infinitive endings that pair the tense with the appropriate subject pronoun. For instance, adding an -s  in the present tense  je  creates jendors, meanings I am putting to sleep or, less literally, I am going to bed. Likewise, when we add the ending -mirons, we create the  nous  future tense nous endormirons, or we will put to sleep. Admittedly, conjugating the English to put to sleep is not simple and some interpretation in the translation is required. Subject Present Future Imperfect j endors endormirai endormais tu endors endormiras endormais il endort endormira endormait nous endormons endormirons endormions vous endormez endormirez endormiez ils endorment endormiront endormaient The Present Participle of  Endormir When you add -ant  to the verb stem of  endormir, the  present participle  endormant  is formed. This can be an adjective, gerund, or noun as well as a verb. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The past tense can also be formed with the  passà © composà ©. To construct this, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to fit the subject pronoun, then attach the  past participle  endormi. For example, I went to sleep is jai endormi while we went to sleep is nous avons endormi. More Simple   Endormir  Conjugations At first, its recommended to focus on the conjugations above because theyre the most useful and common. Once you have those committed to memory, study these other simple forms of  endormir. When there is no guarantee to the verbs action, the subjunctive verb mood may be used. In a similar manner, if the action will only happen if something else takes place, the conditional verb mood is employed. In formal writing, the passà © simple and the imperfect subjunctive are used. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j endorme endormirais endormis endormisse tu endormes endormirais endormis endormisses il endorme endormirait endormit endormt nous endormions endormirions endormmes endormissions vous endormiez endormiriez endormtes endormissiez ils endorment endormiraient endormirent endormissent The imperative verb form is used for commands and direct requests. These are short statements and the subject pronoun is not required: use endors rather than tu endors. Imperative (tu) endors (nous) endormons (vous) endormez

The Coach and Horses Guest House Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Coach and Horses Guest House - Case Study Example The long-term objective of The Coach and Horses Guest House (Coach and Horses), is to become the finest preference on Paradise Bay, Sydney, for temporary lodging, through the creation of a differentiated experience that capitalizes on personal service, the historical British nature of the Coach House's construction, and its unique location in one of Australia's most cosmopolitan cities. We plan to create something more than just a guesthouse. We are determined to establish an environment that is dedicated to pampered luxury, and which vastly surpasses the standard fare for Paradise Bay. The Coach and Horses Guest House is an established guesthouse, which has been operating throughout the past five years as The Ploughman's Bed and Breakfast. After its possession, and after a short period of establishment, the Coach and Horses will diverse into a variety of other business ventures that will guarantee a steady flow of patrons, both locals and tourists, through its doors. Originally built in the 1860s, and believed to have been one of the first coach stations to carry the Royal Mail, the Coach and Horses has a deep historical history that is clearly evident within the construction of the building and the magnificent gardens that surround it. The structure has benefited from a major restoration program, which has effectively re-established the building's original composition, thus creating the potential of six large rental units, and four smaller units, with owner-occupancy in a separate unused building. The creation of a "home away from home," which is often far more palatial and beautiful than a

External and internal environments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External and internal environments - Assignment Example Likewise a course of action is enumerated that helps Apple overcome its primary weakness and bypass its biggest threat. A modest attempt is made to understand the resources, capabilities and core competencies of the company. Finally, a value chain analysis of Apple has been conducted to identify the linkages between different primary and secondary activities and also understand how the interaction between these activities leads to sources of competitive advantage. The general environment includes political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal aspects. The technological environment and economic environment of Apple have been discussed in the ensuring paragraphs. Apple operates in a highly competitive and dynamic business environment. The American multinational has developed some immensely popular gadgets like the iPhone, iPad, and the iPod. The company has also diversified into related software applications, operating systems and a variety of accessory and support offerings. Some of the recent innovations from the company include the iTunes Store, iBooks Store and iCloud (Apple, 2014). The technological environment has a monumental affect on the business operations of Apple. The fast rate of change in technology has the potency to render Apple’s products obsolete. The company’s offerings tend to have a short product life cycle as customers demand state-of-the-art products. It is for this reason that Apple has launched numerous generations of the iconic iPhone. Apple recognizes the impact of technological environment on its business and has made new product development central to its business strategy. The company spends a lot of money on research and development (R&D) which helps it in developing innovative products from time to time. Apple spent $ 4,475 million on R&D in 2013, up 32 percent from $3,381 million incurred on R&D in 2012 (Apple,

Infatuation versus love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Infatuation versus love - Essay Example It is believed that infatuation is a feeling that is not long lasting and keeps on decreasing with time whereas love on the other hand keeps on increasing with time and the emotional bond keeps on strengthening with the passage of time (Wheat et al 1980). Love and infatuation are both characterized by the want to engage with your loved one but they have possess different aspects. It is analyzed by sociologists that infatuation is basically a path that leads to love. It is considered to be the first step towards falling in love. Infatuation is an emotion where a person becomes occupied with the thoughts of the person that he admires. It is believed that infatuation is determined more from the physical outlook of the admired person rather than the character and the personality of the person. It is considered to be a constellation of emotions for the person being loved with respect to extreme intimate desire and obsession. It is argued that infatuation is basically an immature feeling a nd aspect of love. It tends to be away from the real world and a person stays in a different preoccupied world neglecting many realities. It is believed that infatuation is directed more towards all the good aspects of the person who is liked and it does not tend to see the person as a whole with all his negativities (Cox 2005).

Evaluating the recruiting function Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluating the recruiting function - Coursework Example By spending more time making a follow-up call, each recruiting sources can increase the chances wherein qualified job applicants would accept their job offers. By limiting the number of accredited recruiting sources, each one of them will be forced to create and maintain a positive image as one of St. Vincent Hospital’s accredited recruiting sources. I would eliminate private employment agency as one of St. Vincent Hospital’s recruitment sources because its average cost per nurse is as high as $2,000.00. It means that it is too costly to recruit nurses from this particular recruitment sources. Because of the relatively low ‘above-average rating’, I would also remove walk-ins (1.00), internet applications (2.40), and university programs (3.43). If I need to cut down some more, I would purposely remove hospital-based schools, public employment agency, direct mail, and state nursing association meeting simply because I am not sure about the nurses’ one-year survival and their above-average ratings. Making follow-up calls on job applicants seem to the most easiest to improve. To effectively decrease the yield ratios from the first recruitment stage to the next level, perhaps it is best on the part of the recruiting sources to use a benchmark of 75% when selecting qualified applicants for the actual interviews. Basically, the reason for maintaining the 75% benchmark is because not all candidates who will attend the actual interview would accept the job offer. This will save the recruitment sources a lot of time and effort from losing all potential

Solving exams questions for Corporate Risk Management Essay - 1

Solving exams questions for Corporate Risk Management - Essay Example The pure loss exposure of a company in terms of assets is that the company may lose the value of its assets to zero due to some uncontrollable risk events. The assets such as property may be lost in its value because of natural disasters such as earth quakes, tsunami etc. Example includes the companies like Nestle has big manufacturing plants internationally, that are exposed to its asset loss such as property, furniture fixtures, plant destruction etc because of uncontrollable events such as earthquakes (Williams, et al., 1998). The exposure that may arise because of the possibility of financial loss to the business is referred to as Personnel Loss Exposure. The loss to the business because of death, retirement or sickness of the key employee of the company is referred to as personnel loss. The death of Steve jobs gave significant financial loss to Apple Inc. The reason was that the Steve jobs was considered as the one who managed Apple Inc., with his innovative ideas (Williams, et al., 1998). The exposure that may arise because of the claim against the monetary damages is referred to as liability loss exposure. It creates legal responsibility of the company or person, to pay for injury or damages to another party. The insurance company takes the responsibility to pay off the damages against the liability created on the insurer. It refers to as the indirect loss exposure to the assets of the company. The most common example of consequential loss is the firm losses his clients and business because of street closure or strikes. Therefore, the consequential loss exposure is the exposure to the implied losses that may arise due to unexpected circumstances. The firm may abandon the loss exposure if the exposure already exists. This can be explained with the help of example of pharmaceutical company, which may not sell particular product because the chances of loss

Evaluating the recruiting function Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluating the recruiting function - Coursework Example By spending more time making a follow-up call, each recruiting sources can increase the chances wherein qualified job applicants would accept their job offers. By limiting the number of accredited recruiting sources, each one of them will be forced to create and maintain a positive image as one of St. Vincent Hospital’s accredited recruiting sources. I would eliminate private employment agency as one of St. Vincent Hospital’s recruitment sources because its average cost per nurse is as high as $2,000.00. It means that it is too costly to recruit nurses from this particular recruitment sources. Because of the relatively low ‘above-average rating’, I would also remove walk-ins (1.00), internet applications (2.40), and university programs (3.43). If I need to cut down some more, I would purposely remove hospital-based schools, public employment agency, direct mail, and state nursing association meeting simply because I am not sure about the nurses’ one-year survival and their above-average ratings. Making follow-up calls on job applicants seem to the most easiest to improve. To effectively decrease the yield ratios from the first recruitment stage to the next level, perhaps it is best on the part of the recruiting sources to use a benchmark of 75% when selecting qualified applicants for the actual interviews. Basically, the reason for maintaining the 75% benchmark is because not all candidates who will attend the actual interview would accept the job offer. This will save the recruitment sources a lot of time and effort from losing all potential

The Juvenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation Research Paper

The Juvenile Justice System Should Focus on Rehabilitation - Research Paper Example The aim is fundamentally to control violent juvenile and put them in reformatory institution as effective rehabilitative measures before they will be reintegrated back into the society as responsible citizens or human resource of a state (Office of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2012). Under the law, juveniles are those young residents of the America aging between 15-17 years old that have committed a criminal act against the state, person or to property (OJJDP, 2012). Some states made some statutory exceptions on age as requisite in the acquisition of jurisdiction on these cases. Others have put concurrent jurisdiction to juvenile and criminal courts while leaving to prosecutors the discretion to decide which of these judicial body should handle the preliminary investigation of each case (OJJDP, 2012). Juvenile justice system is a policy inspired by the doctrine of parens patriae which accord authority to the state to assume the parental role of enforcing legislati ons that promote, protect, and provide child-friendly custodial terms under its jurisdiction (True Crime & Justice, 2012). It is deemed as the best resolve to dilemma posed by children who have committed heinous crimes with corresponding life sentence as penalty without possibility of parole (True Crime & Justice, 2012, p. 1). ... 1). Legal advocates assert that juvenile justice system should opt for rehabilitation instead of punishment. The latter is considered as unpleasant and may impact on the psychosocial make-up of a child, thus, causing stigma or isolation as they are left alone to handle their emotional setbacks while meting out punishment following a court decision declaring their guilt. Psychologists infer that punishment does not support rational processes that could address their delinquency nor those necessities to achieve desired behavioral reform. Advocates concern on child rights and welfares wanted the juvenile justice system to delve on mental health assessment of the young offenders by providing necessary services to change them into better persons and to help them conform to social norms (OJJDP, 2012; True Crime & Justice, 2012). They contend that as young offenders are also child undergoing developmental stages and constant adjustments to social norms, the intervention with the participati on of family members could help assuage traumatic impacts as consequence of committing offense. The family has been the most influential agent in shaping a child’s behavioral reform to discourage them to become recidivists whilst motivating them to responsibly care for themselves or their future. Moreover, the family also help provide advises and inspirations to the child, along with social experts within rehabilitation centers, as they knew best the historical causes and factors that led a child to commit socially unacceptable acts. Experts empirically posit that 95% of the juveniles that went to the rehabilitation program reformed and avoided re-arrest (OJJDP, 2012; True Crime & Justice, 2012). Such

Othello and Racism Essay Example for Free

Othello and Racism Essay Held a captive and cannot escape the grips of racism, Othello must battle with this matter from day one till his call of death. Just because his skin tone is unusual from Venice and its citizens, makes Othello an outcast . Although born a black moor, Othello has all the great characteristics a man should have. Being courageous, honorable, intelligent and all the aspects a woman would want in a husband. He grew up to be a venetian military general who has risen to high position of power is viewed in two means. One, since Othello belongs to the military realm he hence deserves the respect and authority any other general should receive. Second view is highly different and because the race role is a huge issue, it essentially eliminates the first way people would view Othello. But this doesn’t stop Desdemona from falling in love with him and making him her husband. The color of Othello’s skin doesn’t bother Desdemona one bit which isn’t the case for the rest of the characters seen throughout the play. Before Othello’s name is even mentioned in the play, racial slurs are being said and the audience is being introduced to how Othello will be treated. In Act I Scene I, Rodrigo and Iago talk about â€Å"the moor†, â€Å"the thick-lips† and â€Å"the old black ram† . Small comments like these slowly bring out the characteristics that multiple characters share in this play. Iago and Rodrigo aren’t the only ones who have a problem with Othello; Desdemona’s father ,Brabantio, is in the same boat with Iago and Rodrigo. Brabantio is a self-important the Venetian Senator whose main priorities are his job and his daughter. If one of these main concerns aren’t necessarily going his way, then there could be a problem. Othello encounters this the hard way unfortunately. Brabantio hears news about how his daughter has gotten married but not to any regular guy, to a moor.

Looking At Brain Tumors Psychology Essay

Looking At Brain Tumors Psychology Essay Brain tumors are a very harmful diagnoses that can completely change a persons everyday lifestyle. It could change their lifestyle because, the symptoms that come with brain tumors. Also, it can cause personality changes and certain types of body reactions. This illness has a major effect to the patient and can also effect the family. How the brain tumor occurs is when abnormal growth of cells that are forming together. When the cells form together then it can cause a mass of tumor. There are many different types of brain tumors that exist; about 120 types that can affect a human being. Primary and secondary brain tumors can be either malignant or benign. They are also classified in different types of grades, from one to four. They rate the grades from lowest risk to highest risk, one being low risk and four being a higher risk. People that are affected by this diagnosis can cause visual, speech, and hearing change, memory problems, balance and walking problems, etc. When being diagn osis with brain tumor, there are treatments that can help fighting off the disease. The treatments depend on the type of the tumor, but it usually involves with radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. Brain tumors are a very difficult process that can change everything about a person, or it could even be life threatening to them. The way tumors develop is when cells grow old, have damage, or die off, the body is supposed to form new cells to replace them. Brain Tumors Page Number: 2 During this process certain problems can occur and the body doesnt need the new cells, also the old and damaged cells dont die off when they should be. When this happens the cells will build up forming a mass of tumor, also called the growth of tumors (-oma, tumor) and (oncoma, mass tumor). A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue growing in any part of the brain. Brain cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner and forms these tumors. These tumors can arise from any part of the brain, spinal cord or the nerves. Broadly these tumors can be divided into benign and malignant tumors (Thakur, Gahane, Bhadoriya, Jain S., Jain R., Mishra). Malignant can form cancer that can spread throughout the body, while benign doesnt form any type of cancer or even spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors has a border edge that the cells barley invade the tissue surrounding them. The possibility for benign to spread to other parts of the body is very slim. The only cause of serious health issue is when the tumor presses on sensitive areas of the brain. A benign tumor can be removed, but they can also grow back. Sometimes a benign tumor can change into a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor can also be called brain cancer. Malignant is way more serious than benign and can also be life threatening. When a malignant tumor is forming it can rapidly grow causing damage to healthy brain tissues. Unlike benign, malignant can break away and spread to other parts of the body. The main parts would be the spinal cord or even other parts in the brain. Brain Tumors Page Number: 3 When dealing with tumors, there are different types of grades that they fall into. The grades are classified from 1 through 4, lowest risk to the highest risk. Grade 1 is normally a benign tumor that grows slowly. A grade 2 is a malignant tumor that has cells that look very different from the grade 1 cells. The third grade is also a malignant tumor that usually anaplastic abnormal cells. The final Grade is a malignant tissue that is in its worst condition. Grade 4 malignant tend to grow very fast when it occurs. Using these terms and definitions will help physicians diagnose people with these types of health problems. When diagnosing, physicians can tell a brain tumor by the way the cells look under a microscope. Brain tumors are often diagnosed on the basis of imaging and processing methods. Generically, the imaging of brain tumors aim to determine the localization, extend, type and malignancy of the pathology (Cruz-Barbosa Vellido). Imaging evaluation includes computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that complement each other and describe the tumor location, local extension, compression in the neighborhood structures, superjacent hydrocephalus. Position emission tomography can differentiate recurrent tumor necrosis postoperative scarring or post-therapy edema (Clobanu, Miron, Tansanu, Dumitrescu Indrei). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a common data acquisition technique for Brain Tumors Page Number: 4 this task (Cruz-Barbosa Velliod). These procedures can help the physicians tell that there is a mass of tumor in the brain. It can also show what part of the brain the tumor is occurring and, what kind of tumor it may be. Following the symptoms will help physicians know if their patient is occurring a brain tumor. Usually, the symptoms depend on their type, size, aggressiveness, and the location the tumor is in the brain. There are many different types of symptoms for certain types of tumors. The most common symptoms for brain tumor would usually be headaches, memory problems, numbness or tingling in certain parts of the body like the legs or arms. Other symptoms are walking and balancing problems, vomiting, seizures, personality change, and can also affect their vision, speech, and hearing. After many tests were taken to figure out the cause of brain tumors, there were no evidences that could support the exact cause. Even though there are no evidences for the exact cause, brain tumors can occur at any age. There are certain types of tumors that fall into the children and adult categories. In the field of brain tumors there are over 120 types of brain tumors that occur in different size and location o f the brain. In oncology, this typically involves differentiating between tumor types and grades, or some type of discrete outcome prediction (Cruz-Barbosa Vellido). Some types of brain tumors that differ from one Brain Tumors Page Number: 5 another are Ependymomas, Optic Neuroma (adults), Pituitary Tumor, Craniopharyngioma, Pediatric Brain Tumor, Astrocytoma (adults), Rhabiod Tumor, Meningioma (adults), Brain Stem Glioma, etc. In adults, the most common types of brain tumors would be Astrocytoma, Meningoma, and also Oligodendroglioma. In adults about half of all CNS tumors are malignant, whereas in pediatric patients; more than 75% are malignant (Khoshnevisan). The most common tumors in children would be Ependyoma, Medulloblastoma, grade 1 or 2 Astrocytoma, and also Brain Stem Glioma. When a person is diagnosed with a certain type of brain tumor then this will help them go to the next step, which is treatment. Treatments are the first thing to do when a person is diagnosed. Just like symptoms, treatment also depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor. Treatment also depends on the age and health of the patient. When treating for brain tumors, they usually go straight to removal surgery (-ectomy), that surgically removes the tumor from the brain. If this procedure is not successful then they go to the next step which is radiation therapy, and chemotherapy (chemo-, drug, -therapy, treatment), which means drug treatment. For example, in chemotherapy there is a drug to fight off brain tumors that can go through the Blood-brain barriers (BBB). Major obstacles for brain tumor treatment including the structure of BBB and efflux transporters, and the efforts that have been used to circumvent BBB Brain Tumors Page Number: 6 and deliver drugs in the brain. In brain tumors, the delivery of anticancer drug is difficult due to presence of the BBB, which acts as physical and physiologic obstacles for delivery of drugs to the brain. Also, cancer chemotherapy is useful for a variety of brain tumors including Lymphomas, Medulloblastomas, Germ Cell Tumors, and Gliomas (Thakur, Gahane, Bhadoriya, Jain S., Jain R., Mishra). Due to the treatments, they always form a high or low risk factor. One of the risk factors a patient can go through is ionizing radiation because, of the high doses of x-rays. Ionizing radiation it directly to the head and a high dose of x-rays increases the risk for affecting the patient. No matter what are always risks when treating a illness. This diagnosis is very important to me because it relates to my little niece. Her name is Cassandra, she is 15 right now and I love her more than anything in the world. We didnt find out that she had a brain tumor until she was 3 years old. The type of brain tumor she has is Craniopharyngioma, which is a benign tumor that develops near the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland hormone is damaged it imbalances and leads to excessive thirst, excessive urination, and stunt growth. This type of brain tumor can also damage the optic nerves that can cause visual problems, and have a possibility to increase after surgery. We were very heart broken when our family found out that my niece had a brain tumor. The first thing they tried Brain Tumors Page Number: 6 to do was removal surgery, which was not a success. Removal surgery did not work because they could only take some parts of the tumor out. If they do the procedure and took the whole tumor out, then she would be completely blind. They tried many ways to remove this tumor without the risk factor of becoming blind but they just couldnt do it. When they removed some of the brain tumor, it caused her to be blind in her left eye. She is much smaller than her normal group age, so the brain tumor did affect her stunt growth. After knowing this, we knew that her tumor would just keep growing for the rest of her life. Every time the tumor grows, she has to go to surgery and only take some of the brain tumor out. To help fight off the brain tumor from growing she takes chemotherapy. My niece went through so many surgeries throughout her life that we just couldnt keep count of them anymore. It hurts me that my niece has to go through hell every time her tumor grows back. She went through so muc h surgery that she had to wear helmets to protect the part where the skull was removed. Also, they went through her skull so much that they cant do surgery there anymore. They tried do the procedure in other ways like the nostril but her nose was too small. Her last surgery was probably 5 to 6 months ago, so eventually her tumor will be growing back soon. To keep her positive and everyone else position every year we go to the Ride for Kids, which is when hundreds of people come together with their motorcycles and ride for the kids that have brain tumors. We always ride on the motorcycles at Brain Tumors Page Number: 7 the event and at the end; we do a fundraiser to help find a way to overcome this disease. My niece is doing a lot better now that she is older, she is going to Rome Free Academy, and she is in variety cheerleading for RFA. I know my niece has been through a lot but no matter what our family will always be by her side. From my personal experiences, brains tumors can affect the patient emotionally and physically and can also emotionally affect the family. Brain tumors can be very harmful and can ruin everything from health to personalities, and daily routines. If nothing went wrong when the body forms new cells or removes the old and damaged cells, then it would not cause a mass of tumor. Brain tumors can physically affect a person by different types of symptoms. Identify the tumor and the type of tumor can help many patients take care of this disease. Most of the time removal surgery will solve the problem but, if not the health care field tries to find other ways to destroy certain types of brain tumors. It all depends on what type of brain tumor it is, the size, and the location the tumor is occurring. When being diagnosis with brain tumors there are many obstacles that you have to go through in order to stop the tumor from increasing. There are many difficult processes and effects that can take toll on a person with this illness. This certain type of disease can be life threatening Brain Tumors Page Number: 8 and, can a change a persons all around life. Work Cited Ciobanu, A., Miron, I., Tansanu, I. I., Dumitrescu, G., Indrei, A.(2011). PEDIATRIC BRAIN TUMORS MORPHOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS.Romanian Journal Of Functional Clinical, Macro- Microscopical Anatomy Of Anthropology /Revista Romà ¢na De Anatomie Functionala Si Clinica, Macro Si Microscopica Si De Antropologie, 10(4), 499-503. CRUZ-BARBOSA, R., VELLIDO, A. (2011). SEMI-SUPERVISED ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BRAIN TUMOURS FROM PARTIALLY LABELED MRS INFORMATION, USING MANIFOLD LEARNING MODELS. International Journal Of Neural Systems, 21(1), 17-29. Khoshnevisan, A. (2012). An overview of therapeutic approaches to brain tumor stem cells.Medical Journal Of The Islamic Republic Of Iran, 26(1), 31-40. Thakur, A., Gahane, A., Bhadoriya, S., Jain, S., Jain, R., Mishra, H. (2011). Major hurdles for brain tumour therapy and the ways to overcome them: A review. Journal Of Pharmacy Research, 4(5), 1315-1318.

Psychological Properties Of Ya Essay -- essays research papers

Beyond Boredom: Studies on the physical and psychological properties of yawning The act of yawning has been observed in all vertebrates, and occurs in humans as early as minutes after birth, so it must have some definitive physiological purpose. Until recently, most scientists believed yawning was a respiratory function, triggered by a surplus of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. In the past decade, however, studies have suggested that yawning acts as a mediator of activity and arousal levels. The evaluation that follows will examine three such studies and the evidence they contribute to this hypothesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first study (1) examined the connection between yawning and activity on a physical level. Previous research had drawn loose ties between arousal and yawning; for example, one study showed that yawning in rats increased with the presence of a penile erection. To show that arousal increases with the onset of a yawn, the authors of this study designed a correlational experiment to measure changes in physical indicators of arousal before, during, and after yawning. They predicted that signs of arousal would increase when the yawn started. A mixed-gender group of 30 college students participated in three 15-minute laboratory trials which measured skin conductance and heart rate, two physical correlates of arousal. In each trial, subjects pressed a button when they felt a yawn coming on, and equipment in a nearby room took readings from sensors attached to their fingertips. The first trial measured skin conductance, the second trial measured heart rate, and the third trial used an electromyogram with electrodes attached to the subjects’ masseter muscles to verify that they were yawning when they said they were. Each subject was alone in a room for the course of all three trials. In addition, a control group of 20 students were tested for skin conductance and heart rate while intentionally performing different physical aspects of yawning, such as opening the mouth wide and taking deep breaths. All results were analyzed using a Friedman ANOVA test. The results of the experiment partailly concur with the authors’ prediction. In the experimental group, it was found that skin conductance values during and after the first yawn were significantly higher than before the yawn. For each subsequent yawn, the differen... ...n of yawning serves the extremely important purpose of helping the most sensitive region of the body maintain proper blood pressure. In addition, evolutionary biologists have proposed that yawning has become such a frequent and important part of animal physiology because it serves a protective purpose. In some situations that lack the necessary external stimulation, low arousal could threaten an animal’s life. According to this theory, yawning has evolved as a guard against inattentiveness by inducing arousal in certain situations. A modern example of this is driving; stimulation is low, yet failure to pay attention is extremely dangerous. Based on the evidence presented by the three studies evaluated, some general conclusions about the nature of yawning can be drawn. Apparently yawning serves as both a mechanism to induce arousal and an indicator of an increase in activity levels. In addition, the common notion that yawning is associated with sleep depravation has been debunked. However, the study of yawns is a relatively new field of research for the psychological and scientific community, and more research is necessary to determine the exact purpose of its existence.

Financial Management Challenges Essay

Find at least two articles from the ProQuest database that highlight and discuss two of the biggest challenges facing financial managers today. One of the articles should be about the challenge of maintaining ethical financial integrity and the other article should be on any other challenge that a financial manager may face (e.g., competition, foreign markets, government intervention, etc.). Financial managers face countless challenges ethical and financial alike. These challenges can be known to affect the reputation of the firm, and the ethical approach taken can set a positive or negative moral standing for the firm. The challenges alone would be a tough job for any normal individual, but financial managers also must deal with the rising demands that have been placed on the institution that span over a much wider area and deal with a countless different activities. The first portion will be ethically concentrated and touch on integrity and market reporting. There are a lot of mediocre leaders out there; I know, they’ve been my bosses. However, when it comes to financial managers, mediocre just won’t do the job. But what’s the difference between a good leader and a mediocre one? Doing a job just to get paid and using the smallest amount of effort to do so is typically the mindset of a bad or mediocre leader. Knowing your job includes many tasks, one of which and most importantly is to lead others with good examples of ethical and financial responsibilities is an example of a great leader. The lack of leadership in every level of the organization can affect the whole ethical integrity of the financial manager. â€Å"This leads to the offering of bribes, inaccurate timesheets  reporting or the provision of misleading information,† (Hennessey, 2007). The ethical standing of the financial manager affects the overall provision of the quality skills in the analysis of the documentation. â€Å"The financial manage r not being proficient enough to trace the individuals, who are responsible for the financial records, could mean the loss of the management,† (Hickman and Byrd , 2011). Understandably, false reporting would be unethical and illegal actions for a financial manager to partake in. This will ruin the firm’s reputation and trust. Financial record reporting requires the overall upkeep of precise and complete records and can be a huge challenge. â€Å"The lack of evident or documented policies and actions in the maintenance of the financial records affects the overall ethical integrity of the financial manager, â€Å"( Hickman and Byrd, 2011). The financial manager must make evaluate each situation and be able to formulate policies that will help in the growth of the firm to a successful point and beyond. â€Å"The ill will of a financial manager not reporting the truth or the overall analysis of the firm makes his conduct un-ethical,† ( Chan, 2005). These unethical practices will eventually lead to the problems dealing with legal liabilities that happen due to the design of the financial systems. Each of which is backed by a set checks and balances that occur in the process of maintaining the financial documents. The absence of compliance to this unique design affects the overall running of the compan y’s activities. Faulty reporting will damage the company’s trust publicly and internally. Shareholders, employees and stakeholders alike would all be affected by unethical practices within a firm. Foreign markets, apart from financial integrity are another challenge. â€Å"The time period and ban on the entry of the foreign market affects the financial manager’s valuation or process of reporting,† (Hickman and Byrd, 2011). â€Å"The inconsistent regulations and strong rule of law in the foreign markets should be reported to the stakeholders,† (Chan, 2005). Financial managers are expected to report ethical issues that affect a firm’s market. â€Å"The challenge of cultural misunderstanding of the firm and the investment that the financial manager has presented to the market could lead to the abrupt decline of sales or ban of the institution. This ban will mean the loss of  all the funds that will have been invested,† (Hennessey, 2007). A poor estimation of the human resource funds and the business operational cost may lead to a decline in the profit of the firm. Once profit begins to decline, shareholders are more likely to push to replace a financial manager due to the performance of the firm’s management. In conclusion, financial integrity and foreign markets scenarios affect the overall activities of the financial managers. Unethical practices of financial managers affect almost every aspect of the firm. The lack of formation of a relationship with the players and customers in the foreign market will lead to the overall decline of the firm’s market share. â€Å"The financial managers should look at the provision of morally approved approaches in the activities of the firm,† (Chan, 2005). Reference Chan, R. (2005): Does the Natural-Resource-Based View of Emerging Economy? Survey of Foreign Enterprises in China: Journal of Management Studies, 42(3), 625-672 Hennessey, J. (2007). Communicating the Value of Energy Efficiency Projects to Financial Decision Makers In Not-for-profit Markets. Strategic Planning For Energy & the Environment, 26(4), 55-66, Retrieved from Pro-Quest Hickman, K. and Byrd, J. (2013): Essentials of finance: San Diego, CA: Bridge point Education Inc. Retrieved from Pro-Quest Norton, E. (1991). Factors affecting capital structure decisions. The Financial Review, 26(3), 431-431 Retrieved from Pro-Quest

Coolburst

Not change for the sake of change but for the very survival of the organization. A changing political environment, technological advancement, mission requirements, personal consideration and a host of other factors can necessitate or exact change. An organization that does not view change as something Inevitable, embracing and prepare for it, is destined to fall, marginality and eventually face extinction.Such was the case at Cloudburst Juice Company. The story of Cloudburst remains one of the most Interesting adventure In business. It begins with the CEO LULAS Rebooked attempting to combat stagnant revenues and profits. She knew something had to be done to rectify the problems. We have suggested many ways through which she can correct this problems to put Cloudburst on the map of Juice production once again.Looking forward to the future, we suggested that the CEO malting a positive attitude and have a change of mind set. Success for cloudburst will depend on her belief that Cloudbu rst can be successful once again she will have to maintain some element of renew vision and direction for the Company, a direction with a strategic business plan, only then can cloudburst emerge from its stagnation.That notwithstanding, we also discussed how she can create long term goals and use past successes to link future vision, by so doing, the top managers even at the parent Company in Chicago will be comfortable with her new ideas and commit to it It is also our suggestion that she must promote an atmosphere within the organization where ideas are valued, considered and if possible implemented, this will boost the morals of the employees instead of shooting down every idea that comes from them as observed in past Coo's attitude.She should also give the employees tools and training needed to unlocking creativity. Furthermore, it is imperative for her to bring in creative thinkers like Velvet and Jenkins by hiring new managers and employees, and training some of the old staff to be creative. She will also have to encourage intention by engaging all departments and introduce the reward system as a source of motivation.On her part, she will have to learn how to take risk which is part of business, one way to achieving this is to do what Jenkins had proposed earlier on, â€Å"Give cloudburst to everybody that steps out of the plane†. As Cloudburst look to the future with enthusiasm, it must be available everywhere and new flavors Introduced. Like we recommended earlier, aggressive advertisement will be required to put this organization where it should be, right at the top. It Is Important to emphasis that creativity thrives on playfulness, but business must be conducted professionally.To this end, management must provide time and space for play, which will provide a relaxed atmosphere for the employees. A necessary Ingredient for creatively and Innovation to grow In Cloudburst. cloudburst By mashes imperative. Not change for the sake of change but fo r the very survival of the exact change. An organization that does not view change as something inevitable, embracing and prepare for it, is destined to fail, marginality and eventually face mains one of the most interesting adventure in business.It begins with the CEO Louisa Rebooked attempting to combat stagnant revenues and profits. She knew maintain a positive attitude and have a change of mind set. Success for Cloudburst future with enthusiasm, it must be available everywhere and new flavors introduced. Organization where it should be, right at the top. It is important to emphasis that relaxed atmosphere for the employees. A necessary ingredient for creativity and innovation to grow in Cloudburst.

Filipino Traits Essay

Negative, because it arrests or inhibits one’s action. This trait reduces one to smallness or to what Nietzsche calls the â€Å"morality of slaves†, thus congealing the soul of the Filipino and emasculating him, making him timid, meek and weak. Positive, because, it contributes to peace of mind and lack of stress by not even trying to achieve. Ningas-cogon (procrastination) Negative, by all standards, because it begins ardently and dies down as soon as it begins. This trait renders one inactive and unable to initiate things or to persevere. Positive, in a way, because it makes a person non-chalant, detached, indifferent, nonplussed should anything go wrong, and hence conducive to peace and tranquillity. Pakikisama (group loyalty) Negative, because one closes one’s eyes to evils like graft and corruption in order to conserve peace and harmony in a group at the expense of one’s comfort. Positive, because one lives for others; peace or lack of dissension is a constant goal. Patigasan (test of strength) Negative, because it is stubborn and resists all efforts at reconciliation. The trait makes us childish, vindictive, irresponsible, irrational. Actions resulting from this trait are leaving the phone off the hook to get even with one’s party line; stopping the engine of the car to prove that one has the right of way; standing one’s ground until the opposite party loses its patience. Positive, because it is assign that we know our rights and are not easily cowed into submission. It is occidental in spirit, hence in keeping with Nietzsche’s â€Å"will to power.† Bahala na (resignation) Negative, because one leaves everything to chance under the pretext of trusting in Divine providence. This trait is really laziness disguised in religious garb. Positive, because one relies on a superior power rather than on one’s own. It is conducive to humility, modesty, and lack of arrogance. Filipino Traits Kasi (because, i. e., scapegoat) Negative, because one disowns responsibility and makes a scapegoat out of someone or something. One is never to blame; one remains lily white and has a ready alibi for failure. Positive, because one can see both sides of the picture and know exactly where a project failed. One will never suffer from guilt or self-recrimination. Saving Face Negative, because, being closely related to hiya and kasi, it enables a person to shirk responsibility. One is never accountable for anything. Positive, because one’s psyche is saved from undue embarrassment, sleepless nights, remorse of conscience. It saves one from accountability or responsibility. This trait enables one to make a graceful exit from guilt instead of facing the music and owning responsibility for an offense. Sakop (inclusion) Negative, because one never learns to be on one’s own but relies on one’s family and relatives. This trait stunts growth and prevents a person from growing on one’s own. Generating a life of parasitism, this trait is very non-existential. Blaring music, loud tones are a result of this mentality. We wrongly think that all people like the music we play or the stories we tell. This mentality also makes us consider the world as one vast comfort room. Positive, because one cares for the family and clan; one stands or falls with them. This trait makes a person show concern for the family to which he belongs. Maà ±ana or â€Å"Bukas na† (procrastination) Negative, because one constantly postpones action and accomplishes nothing. This aggravates a situation, a problem grows beyond correction, a leak or a small break becomes a gaping hole. This arises from an indolent mentality that a problem will go away by itself. Positive, because one is without stress and tension; one learns to take what comes naturally. Like the Chinese wu-wei, this trait makes one live naturally and without undue artificiality. THE IMPORTANCE OF READING The importance of reading to children cannot be over emphasized. It is also a great way to focus on the family. With that in mind, â€Å"Little Ones Reading Resource† is dedicated to every child and every family out there and to educating us â€Å"big† people about the importance of reading to children and its role in child development. Every child deserves to have a good book read to her. Every child deserves to have good books he can call his very own, stored on his very own book shelf where he can pull them out and â€Å"read† them any time he wants. The importance of reading to children is significant in child development, and reading books to little ones at an early age is essential. In fact, reading childrens stories aloud is one of the most important activities we, as parents, grandparents, teachers, and care-givers, can do for our kids. The importance of reading to children plays out in a myraid of developmental, emotional, and learning issues from bonding and security . . . to learning to read . . . to future success. The best part about reading childrens stories to our little ones is that we can ALL do it! We don’t have to be experts, or rocket scientists, or teachers, or even millionaires to experience the joys of snuggling up with our little ones and enjoying a special story. There is SO MUCH more to reading books to a baby, toddler, preschooler, and school-age child than meets the eye. Isn’t it great to know that something so simple can make such a difference? All children should have good books of their very own, as it is truly a fantastic way to encourage reading. However, we don’t have to think of material things when we think of gifts. The greatest gift we can give our children is the gift of OURSELVES — our time, our talents, our prayers, our thoughts of kindness, and our acts of love and compassion. Any day is a good day to step forward and offer the gift of yourself by reading a book to your little ones! Please come on in and look around and learn about the i mportance of reading to children . . . and let’s start reading together today!

Of Thinking Globally and Acting Locally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Thinking Globally and Acting Locally - Essay Example Thus, business organizations like Coca-Cola (Coca-Cola) Company take on the challenge of "thinking globally but acting locally." Coca-Cola is currently one of the most recognizable and widely sold commercial brands in the global arena. The company capitalizes on its extensive distribution network comprised of 9 million retailers in more than 200 countries (Klebnikov 2003). Amidst its being a global brand, what is apparent is the company's innate desire of satisfying each locale according to their needs. This aim of Coca-Cola can be seen its products and promotion strategies. Coke, the flagship brand of the company is marketed worldwide. It should be noted that this product has been warmly accepted by the global market because of its universal taste. Coke has a "universal taste" which discounts the differences in nationality, culture, and traditions. However, the company recognizes that the product portfolio offered in each foreign market should be differentiated as not all product appeal to all consumers. Thus, Coca-Cola strives to develop a product portfolio which is unique for each market. Quoting the company's annual report: "Consumer demand can vary from one locale to another and can change over time within a single locale.

Product Market Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Product Market Development - Essay Example Profits generally continue to increase throughout the life cycle caused by industry expertise, economies of scale providing scope to reduce unit costs over time. At growth stage the characteristics are different. After all the market exercises having been done product is recognised by the consumers and demanded at a rapid speed resulting in reduction in cost. Economies of scale are achieved by this time. Sales volume increases quiet high at this stage. When cost is reduced due to economies of scale and sales revenues increases the profitability increases too. Demand factors remaining higher the business tends to increase product prices higher. Once the product is well accepted and becomes a favourite consumer pays the price asked for by the seller. The product acquires a quality image in the minds of consumers and they feel to enjoy a consumer's surplus even at higher price. Simple promotional efforts and advertising help consumers to retain the product in mind that promote the product selling easily. The competition gradually becomes aware of the product and its revenue yielding capacity. They start venturing into the business to get a mark et share and earn profits. The increase in competition exerts pressure in the market thereby reducing the market prices. The product gradually enters into maturity phase. Maturity phase: the business gets a lot of experience in the growth phase. Production volume increases very high. Many competitions enter in to the market arena and put thrust on the product prices and market outlets. The market gradually gets saturated. Extra efforts are employed to retain the sales volume. Prices to lower because of so many products fighting for the same market size. Market share drops that creates pressure on the entire business. Extra marketing efforts, brand differentiation and product diversification with new features have to be introduced costing more to the company. Profit volume tends to lower. Company and its business being old invite demands for higher wages and bonus from workers that put pressure on the profitability of the business. Curtailment in production leading to closure of some departments deprives the company of the benefits of economies of scale. Overall profitability is down and makes the business unsustainable. In course of the growth phase adolescent phase comes which is characterised with high growth and sales volume accompanied by increase in performance and product variance. The product is placed in the star corners of the BCG matrix with high growing sales revenue with offensive product prices. The product is powerful to be offensive and adopts aggressive pricing with a view to create a premium positing in the market to make customers view it as a superior product that can not be matched by the competition. Market growth is accompanied by market fragmentation. This in turn causes competition. But competition in market growth is not less intense compared to the intensity in market maturity. In the growth phase, almost every organization remains in profits because of the growing and greater demand, whereas in maturity, organizations have to struggle for

Ratio Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ratio Analysis - Research Paper Example It is interesting to see that the organization increased its profit margin from only 1.9% in 2012 to 6% in 2013 and 8.9% in 2014. As per the Morning Star (n.d.) financial reports, the company’s debt to equity ratio was nearly stable over the 2012-14 period posting 0.57%, 0.60%, and 0.59% respectively in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Comparing to the years just before the global financial crisis, Toyota is yet to achieve a stronger leverage and equity position. The company had a price-earnings (P/E) ratio of 40.46% in 2012, and this high P/E ratio indicates that investors were expecting higher earnings growth in the future because the economy had begun overcoming the recessionary pressures. Toyota’s P/E ratio declined to 15.30% in 2013 and to a further 10.30% in 2014 as the global economy regained its growth momentum, and hence investor did not expect a significant future growth in earnings. Similarly, the company’s inventory turnover ratios for the fiscal years 2012, 201 3, and 2014 were 11.20%, 11.17%, and 11.52% respectively. These ratios are low as compared to that in 2011(12.19%) and a low inventory turnover ratio indicates poor inventory management or low sales. The firm’s current ratio was almost stable over the last three years (1.05%, 1.07%, and 1.07%) (Morning Star). Referring to Allen (2011), since these ratios are greater than 1, it is clear that Toyota is â€Å"able to meet its current obligations, with a surplus of working capital† (p.202). While evaluating Toyota’s time interest earned over the 2012-14 period, it is identified that the organization is placed in a better position to meet its debt obligations effectively. Toyota recovered fast from the severe impacts of the global financial crisis 2008-09 and the organization gained notable increases in revenues in the last two fiscal years. To illustrate, Toyota’s revenue fell to  ¥18,583,653 million in 2012 due to global economic turmoil, and some major product recalls due to quality issues.

4.How convincing is Porters model of national competitive advantage in Essay - 1

4.How convincing is Porters model of national competitive advantage in explaining the characteristics and performance of the business systems of major economies - Essay Example This paper will shed some light on how the nations achieve competitive advantage by using Porter’s Diamond model. This model highlights the influencing factors of national competitive advantage. The paper will discuss about the issues and loop holes of the Porter’s diamond Model and how they fail to answer certain circumstantial problems. Porter (1990) explained the competitiveness of a nation based on the four different parameters, which are factor conditions, demand conditions, supporting or related industries and firms’ strategy, structure and rivalry. Factor Conditions: The factor conditions include the production factors of a nation, like human resources and human capital, physical resources, knowledge base, financial strength. The quantity and quality of the available human resources determine the national production capabilities. Physical resources like availability of raw materials, power supply, etc increase the competitive advantage by reducing the operating cost of production. Moreover, the skills and overall knowledge base of the country helps it to involve in innovative product development. Demand Conditions: The demand conditions explain the level of demands of products in the home country. The higher level of demand influences the pace of product innovation and improves service quality. Porter (1990) described that the home demand level is based on three major factors: needs of the customers, growth rate of the customers’ needs and transferring domestic preference in the foreign market. A nation can thus achieve competitive advantage if the domestic demand trend can be predicted by the domestic suppliers faster than the foreign ones. This as a result will allow them to cater to the needs of the domestic customers thereby improving the national economic structure of the country. Firms’ Strategy structure

Apple INC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Apple INC - Essay Example most of these factors are caused by the fact that there are many countries which are involved in the manufacture of Apple’s products. While most of the manufacturing activities take place in Japan, assembling activities take place in Europe and the United States. This process can be affected in terms of transport across borders considering that situation in one country have a bearing on the activities of Apple products in other counties (Porter, 1985). The PESTEL analysis of Apple Inc. can be understood as following. Most of the operations of Apple are done outside America. This implies that the overall performance of the company is prone to problems raised by bad international relations such as war of terrorism, political issues, and geopolitical instabilities, natural and man-made disasters (Apple Inc. 2008). Other problems are caused by distribution and transport issues between the two counties which can disrupt the whole operations. Such international challenges which are beyond the control of the company are common in Apple (Bright Hub, 2010). The economic factors affecting Apple Inc. are attributed to the depression which caused immense negative effects on most sectors of the economy (Business Case Studies, 2012). The rise in the inflation rate has led to overall reduction in the purchasing power of consumers. Most countries where Apple operates experience economic problems such as inflation, unemployment and slow growth. USA and Europe are experiencing high rates of unemployment recently which reduced the sales of their technological products (Marketing Magazine, 2005). Globalization has positive effects on Apple Inc. this is because technology is very influential in promotion of globalization. As such, Apple is able to market and promote most of its products globally. Furthermore, the MP3 sector of Apple enables it to cater for a wide market since the social influence is positively

Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Essay 1. How do philosophical questions differ from scientific or factual questions? Philosophy specializes in questions that cannot be answered scientifically, mainly because there are not elements of the question that can be measured or tested empirically. Philosophy questions things and the answers are sought to be more opinionated and based on certain points of view. Philosophy focuses on questions similar to â€Å"how does this work. † A philosophical question that is beneficial is anything that has to do with life, death, or the universe. Philosophical questions do not possess definite answers, and they do not require measurements. For instance, a question could read, â€Å"What makes a great dad? † One person may answer the question saying, qualities that make a great dad would include spending one on one time with the child, always attending school functions and events, and always making time for the children. While this answer could be true for that individual another individual could answer the question saying, a great dad is one who provides all necessities for the family through financial stability, and actions that prove he cares. Both of these answers can possess the capability of being correct because the question is based on personal opinions and there is no definite way to define this. The science approach attempts to answer all the questions that it can empirically, but this is sometimes not possible. The reason some of the times it is not possible is because the questions increase over time and with the advances in technology. As technology expands the more questions that it rises to science and the more questions that are left without a scientific answer. The specific feature of science is to measure and weigh everything. Factual is evidence in themselves and are therefore established. Philosophy and science have much in common. Many of the greatest philosophers were also scientists, or possessed the quality to be categorized as one in his or her time period. Philosophers approach questions similarly to the way scientists do with his or her critical thinking. Scientists formulate theories and then test them against what they can observe or reason. Scientific questions implies that an individual is inquiring about the world around him or her and expecting precise answers. A scientific question possesses an independent variable and a dependent variable in it. A factual question is a question about a fact, â€Å"where did this event happen? † is factual because it is asking for facts. But a scientific or factual question are ones that possess the ability to be answered through verification which will produce some types of definite answers that are measurable and concrete proof. An example of this type of question would include, â€Å"how tall is sally? † The answer that an individual comes up with will be accurate because he or she takes the scientific measurements to answer the question to eliminate speculations. However, speculations could occur while answering how tall Sally is because one could say well is that Sally’s accurate height, because when an individual first awakens they are taller than they are in the evening. When an individual first awaken his or her body has had time to relax and stretch out for the evening sleep, and if measurements were taken during the day or at night the body has not maintained the ability to stretch out causing the individual to be shorter. Personally the way around this would be to measure Sally three times once in the morning, the middle of the afternoon, and finally in the evening. 2. How did the approaches to philosophical inquiry progress from the Pre-Socratics to Socrates, Plato, and finally to Aristotle? How do these changing approaches reflect cultural influences that affected the philosophers of ancient Greece? The philosophical inquiry process during the pre-Socrates era was based mainly on metaphysics which asks what the nature of being is. The Socrates era began to question viewpoints that began asking and answering questions to stimulate an individuals’ critical thinking and in turn illuminating ideas, this began to form a debate and inquiry between individuals’ opposing this view. The dialectical method is a process that the Socrates began and involves oppositional discussions. This method involves oppositional discussions that defend one point of view against another point of view. One individual may lead others to contract his or her point of view in turn strengthening the inquirer’s view point. Plato began to challenge the paradox dialectical method of education upon examining it, â€Å"if one knows nothing, then how will one come to recognize knowledge when he or she encounters it? † The Socrates of Plato came to a different conclusion. The Socrates began to use a slave boy and demonstrate through geometry lessons that every individual acquires even the smallest amount of knowledge, and the knowledge serves as a window into the individual’s eternal and omniscient soul. By communicating with the slave the teacher could contest the student’s false opinions until he came to a true opinion that withstood severities of critical examination. Although the individual’s soul is the warehouse of the knowledge each individual must learn how to access the knowledge and recall it. Plato began to dwindle from the Sophists by Plato distanced himself further from Sophists by separating knowledge from opinions. The scientific method came around after the introduction from Aristotle. The scientific method is the development and explanation of rules for scientific investigation and reasoning that is not clear-cut. The scientific method is a hot topic for many severe and frequent debates throughout the science’s history. Many of the natural philosophers and scientists argue for the primary of a single approach that will establish scientific knowledge. Many debates that surround the scientific method is centered on rationalism. Empiricism is the main component of scientific tradition according to Aristotle. Aristotle felt that individual can gain the knowledge of universal truth through particular things such as induction. In some measures Aristotle brings together abstract thought with observations. Aristotelian science is not empirical in form, and many individuals commonly mistake this implication. Aristotle denies that individuals develop knowledge through induction and possesses the ability to be considered scientific knowledge. The main preliminary to scientific business enquiry is induction, this provides the preliminary grounds for scientific demonstrations. The main job of philosophers was to examine and discover the truths causes and to demonstrate universal truths. Even though induction was satisfactory for discovering universals by simplification, it lacked the ability to successfully identify the causes. Aristotle sought after identifying the causes and began using deductive reasoning in the form of syllogisms. Using the syllogisms, scientists possessed the capability of inferring new universal truths from ones that have previously been established by other philosophers. Personally upon learning about these different philosophers. I think the different inquiry processes empowered each philosopher to think out of the realm of normality and not except the norm which enabled Greece and even other cultures to answer questions and in turn gain more knowledge. 3. How are philosophical opinions justified? Epistemology contains the theory of justification and struggles to nderstand justifications of proposals and beliefs. Philosophical opinions are justified because of epistemology, which is associated to philosophies including justification, beliefs, and truths. Epistemology deals with the means of the production of knowledge. According to Plato, justification is the final component of knowledge and without it individuals only have a true opinion. Belief is a state of mind on which an individual can often fickle and liable to change. Justification is the factual rationalization of true opinions, reality is the thing that grounds it (Baker, 2013). Justification based theories of knowledge are categorized into two subsections, irrationalism and panrationalism. Irrationalism is something that draws to irrational principles and authorities, including an individual’s feelings. Panrationalism is rational criteria and principles including reasoning and observation. I believe that philosophical opinions are justified in various ways. Philosophical opinions not necessarily justified but are guided by personal experiences and religious beliefs. When beliefs are justified there is always a justifier or something that justifies the belief. Different things can be justifiers for example the following three items are suggested, the first is solely beliefs, beliefs that are together with other cognizant mental states, and finally beliefs, cognizant mental states, and other realities about individuals and his or her surrounding and the environment, which individuals may or may not possess the access to. As with every philosophical ideas there is criticism following the theory of justification. Held by critical rationalists W. W.  Bartley, David Miller, and Karl Popper, non-justificational criticism is the major opposition that is against this theory. Criticism to the justificationism is trying to prove that the claims lack the ability to be reduced to the influence or criteria that it influences appeals to, it states that justification is a primary claim and the claim itself is secondary. Nonjustificational criticism strives to attack the claims themselves. The first being guided by personal experience is because individuals tend to associate his or her philosophy on the basis of experiences they have encountered. An example that one can contribute to this is old policies that an individual has seen work effectively and as a result an opinion or philosophy is developed believing that it is the only way or best way because it worked for the individual. Another way philosophical opinions are justified is through religious orientation and is believed to be the most significant majority of the time. From birth individuals are drilled about right and wrong according to his or her religious views. Religious orientation affects an individual in all philosophical areas. Some include what to eat, creation and what is acceptable or not and because it is based on faith instead of facts, religion really shapes and individuals life because it effects ones choices in life. I think that justifying an individual’s ethical and moral beliefs is unnecessary, I think that individuals are entitled to believe and have certain opinions on what they choose. If these individuals try to justify his or her moral beliefs then they are clarifying an issue and answering a question.